Interview with sensei Hohan Soken (Mutsumura’s grandson) Part I

The following interview was conducted at the Kadena NCO Club located at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa. Present were Soken Hohan and one of his senior student, Kise Fusei. Soken is a Shihan 10-Dan in Shorinryu Matsumura Seito Karate-do. His honbu dojo is located at 104 Gaja, Nishihara City, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

The date of the interview was September 10, 1978. The interview was conducted in Spanish to the great annoyance of Kise. Soken spoke excellent Spanish due to the fact that he had lived in Argentina for over twenty-five years. I should also make mentioned that I was a Spanish language translator for the Pentagon for two plus years and worked in Washington, D.C., hence, I am familiar with the language.

Interviewer: Sensei, can you please identify yourself.

Soken-sensei: My name is Soken Hohan and I was born on May 25, 1889. I come from (I live in) Gaja Village, Nishihara City, Okinawa Prefecture. I am a native Okinawan. My style is officially called the Matsumura Orthodox Shorin-ryu Karate-do and I am a Shihan 10-Dan. My honbu dojo is presently located at Gaja Village, Nishihara City.

My style comes from Kayo Soken. To mark the occasion when Kayo was appointed the chief body-guard to King Sho Ko (and later to Sho Iku and then Sho Tai), he was allowed to change his name. This was a custom back then, especially if something important or notable happened to you; he changed his name to Matsumura, — Matsumura Soken.

It was later that King Sho Tai officially gave Matsumura the title of “Bushi” { The term “bushi” is different from the Japanese meaning. In Japan a “bushi,” in simplistic terms, is a warrior. In Okinawa, the term “bushi” also refers to the individual being a martial-man/warrior but with a strong slant to also being a true gentleman — hence, the meaning, “a gentleman warrior.” – ed} and to this day he is, with affection, referred to as Bushi Matsumura.

When Bushi Matsumura died he left the “hands” of his teachings to my uncle, who was his grandson, Matsumura Nabe. My mother
was Nabe-tanmei’s sister. Tanmei means “respected senior or
respected old man,” this was and still is a title of much respect
in Okinawa. I became a student of my uncle around 1902 or 1903 and learned the original methods of Uchinan Sui-di, as it was then called.

Back then, there weren’t large followings of students for a master of the warrior arts. Itosu Ankoh had less than a dozen students and he was one of the greatest of teachers at the time. My uncle had only one student, and that was me. He was still a practitioner with an “old mind” and would only teach or demonstrate for family members. Since I was the most interested, he allowed me to become his student.

I should also state that Matsumura Orthodox is not the only authentic shorin-ryu style. This style, my style, was passed on from Matsumura Sokon to my uncle, Nabe-tanmei but Nabe-tanmei was not Bushi Matsumura’s only student. Matsumura had a good dozen or so dedicated students. Each
one learned his methods and then expanded on them.

My uncle only learned from Bushi Matsumura and only taught me what he had learned. So, it can be said that it is an “old version”
with no updates. By studying my Matsumura Orthodox you walk back into ancient times when karate was more forceful and challenging.

Interviewer: Sensei, can you tell me something about your training methods?

Sensei: Old training was always done in secret so that others would not steal your techniques. Nabe initially taught me stepping before anything. He would cut the leaves off the banana tree and place them on the ground. He would then have me do exercises to develop balance. If the balance was not good you would fall and since the exercises were always vigorous, a fall could seriously hurt you.

We would also use the pine trees that were found throughout Okinawa. We would slap or kick the trees and develop our gripping methods for close in fighting. This kind of training was very hard and severe on a person who had to work hard all day and then train hard at night. Life was very hard back then.

We would train twice a day. Early in the morning we would train on
striking objects and conditioning to prepare one for the day. After
working hard in the fields, we would have nightly training in two person techniques and conditioning like present-day kotekitai. We had to toughen our legs and hands – like iron, then they became true weapons. During the late hours we would practice the kata of Matsumura.

Interviewer: Can you tell me something about the kata you teach.

Sensei: Well, kata, yes, the most important Matsumura Seito kata is the kusanku. Sometmes we would practice the kusanku with kanzashi (hairpins) held in the hands – this was a common method of fighting. The hairpins were symbols of rank and many Okinawans carried them for decoration and also for protection.

Interviewer: I understand that you teach a white crane form. Is this the hakucho kata?

Sensei: No, hakucho, is another kata that, I believe, came from the Chinese tea seller, Go Kenki. He moved to Japan but my kata is much different. I call it hakutsuru. It was about… no, it was after ten years of training my uncle taught me the most secret kata of Matsumura Seito shorin-ryu, the hakutsuru (white crane) kata. This form stressed the balance — all the Matsumura kata stressed balance but this form was the most dangerous in training.

The practice of the hakutsuru form forced me to learn better balance by performing the techniques while balanced on a pine log. Initially I learned the form on the ground and then I had to perform it on a log laying on the ground. For the advanced training the log was put into the river and tied down so as not to float away. I was then instructed to perform the kata while balanced on the log. It was very difficult and I almost drowned several times by falling and bouncing my head off the log.

Interviewer: You are recognized as a leading practitioner of
traditional weaponry. Can you tell something about your weapons
training?

Sensei: I studied traditional weaponry under Komesu Ushi-no-tanmei and later under Tsuken Mantaka. Tsuken is known for the bo form called Tsuken-nu-kun or Tsuken-bo. It is very famous.

Interviewer: Sensei, you speak excellent Spanish. Where did you learn to speak Spanish?

Sensei: Yes, Spanish. In 1924 I moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina, to find my fortune. I apprenticed myself as a photographer and later I worked in the clothes cleaning business. I learned Spanish there and I taught karate after they found out who I was. Most of my students in Argentina came from the Okinawan community – some Japanese.

All in all, in Argentina, I only had a small handful of students but
we gave numerous demonstrations throughout the country. There were many, many Okinawans and Japanese living in Argentina. I returned to Okinawa in 1952.

Interviewer: What happened when you returned to Okinawa?

Sensei: I did not teach karate at first. Yes, not to the public but I
began to teach a few family members which then opened up to a small dojo. I initially called it by the “hogen” name Machimura sui-de or in Japanese, Matsumura Shuri-te.

Around 1956 I changed the name of my teachings to Matsumura Orthodox Shorin-ryu karate-do. I still trained in the old ways and did not understand the new methods that were being taught. It appeared to be softer and more commercial. Because of this, I did not join the new organizations that were being formed at the time. My old way of karate was not readily accepted by everyone. They thought it too old and too crude — I think it was just too hard or maybe my training methods were too severe. Whatever it was, it was the way I learned and the way I taught. It was later, when the Americans came to learn, that I changed my ways.

I found that there were two kinds of students – one was a dedicated and motivated student who wants to learn the Okinawan martial arts. The other is an individual who only wants to say he is learning karate. There are more of the latter. It is the latter that you see everywhere. They say that they “know” karate or that they “use to” practice karate – these are worthless individuals.

Shuri castle

Bushi Mutsumura

Photo of Mutsumura?

Interview with sensei Hohan Soken (Mutsumura’s grandson) Part II

The following interview with Hohan Soken is made by Ernest Estrada.

Interviewer: Can you tell me some more about your kata?

Sensei: I teach the Matsumura kata. The kata that I teach now arepinan shodan, pinan nidan, naihanchi shodan, naihanchi nidan, patsai-sho and dai, chinto, gojushiho, kusanku, rohai ichi-ni-san, and last, the
hakutsuru. The last one is my favorite kata that I demonstrate – because it is easier to do. When I was young, the best kata was the kusanku. This is the Matsumura kusanku — the older version that is not done much now.

I also teach bo, sai, tuifa, kama, nunchaku, kusarigama and suruchin. My favorite weapons form is tsukenbo (I learned that from Komesu Ushi) but in the old days it was the furi-gama or kusari-gama. We, on Okinawa,
use a hand made rope to tie the kama to the hand or wrist. In Japan they use an iron chain but this is too cumbersome and can damage the student that practices that method.

I knew Taira Shinken very well before he died. I taught him some of my older forms. In 1970 I formed the All Okinawa Kobujutsu Association. I hope that this will spread all over the U.S. and mainland Japan. I am also a member of the Ryukyu Historical Society. We are trying to preserve the “hogen” dialect. Many young Okinawans no longer understand or even speak the old Okinawan language anymore. It is shameful.

[It should also be noted that Soken preferred to speak in his native dialect of Hogen. He often stated that he did not care for the Japanese language that much. -- Editor]

Interviewer: Sensei, you say that Shorin-ryu Matsumura Seito Karate-do is an old style with many secrets. Since you also say that you are getting old, what do you feel needs to be passed on to modem day students of Okinawan karate?

Sensei: There are many secrets in karate that people will never know and will never understand. These ideas are really not secret if you train in Okinawa under a good teacher. You will see the teacher use these so called secret techniques over and over again until they will
become common knowledge to you. Others will look at it and marvel that it is an advanced or secret technique to them. That is because they do not have good teachers or their teachers have not researched their respective styles.

Karate is much more than simple punching and kicking and blocking. It is the study of weaponry and of grappling. Weaponry and empty hand fighting go together. How can you learn about defending against a weapon unless you are familiar with what the weapon can do?

[Soken-sensei used the Spanish word for wrestling when describing this art-form but I felt that a more apt term would be grappling - much like Japanese-style jujutsu. He stated that many people often referred to the Okinawan grappling arts as Okinawan-style wrestling mainly because it was never systematized and looked like a free-for-all form of fighting.

Soken-sensei continued by stating that as a youngster on Okinawa, that grappling was taken very seriously and it was not uncommon for individuals to suffer broken arms and legs as a result of taking part in this light form of entertainment. Soken-sensei would use the terms
"te-kumi" or "gyaku-te" as identifying this old Okinawan art form.

The danger of reminding Soken-sensei of the "old methods of playing" was that he would often stand up, grab you, and then apply one of these painful methods of common people entertainment - he enjoyed watching Americans "squeaking like a mouse who had been stepped on." -- Editor]

Grappling is an old Okinawan custom that is commonly practiced in all villages. In America, the children played at “cowboys and indians. ” In Okinawa we played by grappling with each other. We would have contests for grapplers in every village and one village would pit their best grapplers against all comers. It was very exciting.

Some people see the grappling and call it Okinawan jujutsu but this is incorrect. It is the old method called “ti.” Ti { this is pronounced in the old dialect of Okinawa — it sounds like the word “tea” — ed. } practice was very common during the turn of the century but with the Japanese influences, these methods have almost
disappear.

Interviewer: Sensei, any recommendations for us — Americans?

Sensei: Yes, but you won’t like it! Americans want to learn too much, too fast. You want more this and more that. You have a life time to learn. Learn slowly. Learn correctly. Look. Listen. Practice, practice, practice. Don’t be a rash American, but a smart American. Never be in a
hurry to learn, OK? Learning in a hurry can cause pain. Do you know about pain? Let me show you!

DEMONSTRATION: At this time, Soken demonstrated basic “ti” methods involving the use of the “sharp forearm bone” and the “thumbing” methods. All of them hurt – a lot! He had an uncanny command of the human anatomy and would use the thumb to hit the various nerves in the shoulder, the forearm and the sides of the body. He laughed a lot when doing this – he really enjoyed grappling.

A number of techniques resembled aikiJutsu movements and instead of moving in on the opponent, he would step backwards and would use his body weight to increase the power of the technique. He would always block using what he called a “double bone block” and counter with a thumb technique or a grappling technique that took you to the ground.

Soken stated that he could drive an individual through the ground or just simply throw him on the ground either way, the opponent was at a distinct disadvantage. He could then subdue you with techniques like kicks or move away from the confrontation.

Taken from the second interview:

Interviewer: Sensei, your kata is very distinct and beautiful to see. I have a question that has been bothering me since the Okinawan Expo.
Remember when we saw the bo fighters in Nago. They used the names of many of the kata that are practiced today but they are very different.
The only thing that appears to be the same is the name.

Sensei: Yes, they are the same and they are not the same. You say you lived on Okinawa for five years but you cannot understand the Okinawan people. In the old days, when we were really Okinawan and not Japanese,
many of the old people were not smart — or as smart as they are today. They did not travel, they did not watch TV, many never left their villages unless they had to. What we did have was festivals… village festivals. Everyone would come and watch and learn.

These village people would watch the other fancy city people practice their ti or their methods of weaponry. Say, like… well, … Yes, a kata that they knew or practice had a number of movements. They come to the city and see and city kata with some of the same movements. The city kata had a name… and maybe their kata did not have a name. So, they would go back and … yes, you now understand. They would name their kata after the city kata because they had a few of the same movements.

Some of their kata had five or maybe ten movements. Taira, my friend, would go to the village and learn these kata. He says that he learned 500 kata this way! Wah! This is true but he also liked to tell stories. Some of these kata had only 3 or maybe 5 movements. 500 kata, yes, now that is funny but he was a history collector. He knew them but he didnt understand them.

Interviewer: Was Taira a friend or student? He is very famous for his weaponry in Japan.

Sensei: Yes, Taira… he knew a lot of kata, huh. Huh, huh, huh… Yes, he is dead, you know that. He would watch my kata all the time and try to learn my tsuken style stick. But I would trick him and change the kata, wah!! … just like that. He would still come back and look some more in the hopes of being able to take it back. When we both were young — our karate was very good. When we both got old, our weaponry was
good.

Why do you want to know these things — these old ideas, these old ways. Their old value was to survive a challenge match. You punch me and I will show you … good karate means you also test yourself through pain. Like pain… in good karate… movements are quick, like a mongoose. If you are slow, you can die. If you are quick, then there is a chance that you and your family (???) will live.

Interviewer: Yes, fighting must have been very different at the beginning of this century.

Sensei: Yes, you don’t know these old days. In a fight… if you would lose, the loss would be suffered by your family. They could die. You would work hard to support the family working all day, If you were injured or killed while fighting, then your family would starve… maybe
even die. Okinawa life was very hard.

Now, the young people want to be Japanese. They don’t speak the Okinawan language. They are lazy. They do not respect old people, they have no pride in being Okinawan. Yes, we are a poor country but that is no excuse in putting our culture in the dark and saying we are someone that we are not. This is no good.

NOTE: The second interview ends here. Sensei’s mind begins to wander and he begins to get angry. I believe it has to do with painful, old memories that are brought up by the questions.

Kobudo weapons

KYUSHO (traumatizing anatomically vulnerable points)

In order to execute effective karate blow, It is necessary to learn basics of human anatomy,physiology and first aid.This knowledge is called – kyusho. Kyusho knowledge was kept as secret for centuries. It includes: positions of vulnerable points, use of proper impact tool and situation which is the best for applying technique to some point.  If we compare karate technique with arrow, then kyusho is poison on that arrow. Master Funakoshi tells that “quick and extremely accurate blows, that never miss the vital point, are the essence of real karate”.

There are 3 ways to traumatize vital points:

1. Strike or punch
2. Poke or press
3. Grab or pinch

As result, several conditions may occur: pain, shock, respiratory disturbances, temporally paralyze, hyper torsion,joint dislocation, bone fracture and internal bleeding.For more detailed look, click on picture.

	Jodan – Most important vital points of human body are located on neck and head. I will mention  few techniques: eye poke, nose smash, throat grab, ear slap, hair grab, knife hand to neck, finger thrust to jugular notch. You can also manipulate opponents head in order to take him down or to break the neck.
	Chudan – punch to solar plexus, one knuckle fist (shoken) to sternum, ribs or armpit, knuckle fist (hiraken) to loose ribs, testicle grab, smash or kick, “love-handles pinch”.
	Arm – strike to biceps can temporally paralyze opponents arm. Joint locking techniques are very effective for controlling (elbow and fingers). Pinching skin above triceps muscle is extremely painful.
	Gedan – Kicks are very often aimed in opponents legs (shin, knee smash-sokuto, inner thigh and foot). Most throwing techniques are done with leg sweep or by grabbing opponents leg. Inner thigh can be pinched when performing escaping technique against head-lock.

This is not systematized knowledge, but rather empirical, usually transmitted orally to top students only. Only ancient written source on this topic is Okinawan manuscript called Bubishi.

by Shihan Anthony Marquez

Even though I was born in America, a large part of me considers home to be a place called Okinawa. I can still remember the good old days as a young serviceman walking into a dojo for the first time. I celebrated the 25th anniversary of that day on April 5, 1996. I visited Okinawa in August 1995 and participated in the Pre-World Championship, the precursor to the World Championship scheduled to take place on Okinawa in July 1997. This visit changed my entire outlook on Okinawan martial arts and, to a large extent, my future! I would like to share this experience with you and I will start by providing some background on my training and teachers.

Prior to arriving in Okinawa for the first time in 1971, I was stationed in Japan with the U.S. Air Force for four years where I was heavily involved in the Yoshukai Karate and Kobudo system headed by Yamamoto Mamuro. I requested transfer to Kadena Air Force Base, Okinawa, and egan a journey that was to last eight wonderful years. During that time, I was honored to have trained with some of the best teachers available. My first and only Karate teacher in Okinawa was the late Shinjo Masanobu, founder of the Shobukan Goju-Ryu Karate Dojo. From Master Shinjo I received a rokudan (6th dan). My first Okinawan Kobudo teacher was the late Kina Masanobu. I met Kina Sensei through another serviceman, Robert Teller, who said that Kina Sensei was an excellent weapons practitioner. Kina Sensei was a devout Christian, the nephew of the legendary Kina Shosei. My training with Kina Sensei lasted approximately 16 months. It was a very gratifying time for me. I had many late night dinners at Kina Sensei’s home with my wife and found that he was a very beautiful person. I learned two katas from Kina Sensei, Ufuchiku no Sai and Tonfa. Unfortunately, he accidentally drowned while swimming in the ocean. Ironically, he was an excellent swimmer, and every Saturday after our workout he would go into the ocean for his daily swim. I never received any rank from him.

My second and last Kobudo teacher was the late Kanei Katsuyoshi, founder of the Jinbukan. Master Kanei was the finest weapons practitioner I had ever seen. At the time I began training with him, he was the vice president of the Okinawa Kobudo Association, which is headed by the Matayoshi family. I was admitted into his dojo by a formal letter of introduction given to me by my Karate sensei, Shinjo Masanobu. Kanei and Shinjo Senseis were childhood friends. They both were Goju-Ryu Karate students under Toguchi Seikichi. I received a godan (5th dan) and Shihan certification from Master Kanei. I became the US director of the Jinbukan upon my return to the States . Again tragedy was to follow my path for I lost both of these wonderful teachers in 1992 within a period of six months.

My 1995 trip to Okinawa had a two-fold purpose, the first was to take my team of 16 Kobudo and Karate students to visit my old Hombu, the Jinbukan, and see the man who is now in charge of the dojo. The second was to try to find a gentleman by the name of Isa Kaishu. I had heard of Mr. Isa and seen his photographs from my first weapons teacher, Kina Masanobu. It was my understanding that Mr. Isa was an old student under Kina Sensei. During the time I lived on Okinawa, he was in Japan training to become a Buddhist priest. Since Kina Masanobu died while I was on Okinawa, I felt that my weapons training was unfulfilled. The many accounts that I heard of Mr. Isa always stayed with me and I promised myself that on one of my future trips to Okinawa I would look
him up.

The Search Begins

One of the biggest hurdles to overcome when visiting Okinawa is affordable lodging. I had problems finding hotel space for our large group because there were many people on the island for the World Pre-Tournament. During the second day of the championship, I was very fortunate to bump into a gentleman by the name of Dan Smith. I found out through our conversations that we had something in common, since he had also trained in the Jinbukan. I mentioned that I was having difficulties finding lodging and he said that his sensei in Okinawa had a lot of property and he would ask if he could put us up for a few days. As luck would have it, the sensei he was talking about was Shimabukuro Zenpo, the head of Seibukan Shorin-Ryu. It being a small world, one of my black belt students, Angel Lemus from Los Angeles, is also a Seibukan sensei. Shimabukuro Sensei is a very wealthy real estate agent in Okinawa and a very kind and generous individual. He put up our team at no cost in a small double room apartment near his office. We found ourselves sleeping elbow to elbow, which is a very good way to establish a good camaraderie among your fellow students.

In Search of Isa

After the championships were finished, I was ready to look for Isa Kaishu Sensei. At the time, I did not know his first name and I didn’t know if I had his correct address. As a matter of fact, Angel had called me up late the night before our departure to Okinawa and gave me an address for Isa Sensei that he found in Mark Bishop’s book, “Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques.” I was very fortunate that Mr. Shimabukuro’s office was right across the street from where I was staying in Okinawa City. I walked into his office one day and explained to his secretary that I was trying to find a man named Isa. She then looked up the name Isa in their version of the Yellow Pages and found an address that was about five blocks away. She then asked Mr. Shimabukuro’s nephew, who also works at the real estate office, to take me there.

Upon arriving at the address in the phone book, we found that it was not Isa Kaishu Sensei’s dojo or home. It was a Shorin- Ryu dojo but the sensei there knew of Isa and provided us with his home address and phone number. We called this number and to our surprise found Isa Sensei on the other end of the line. The translator then told Isa Sensei that there was someone who was trying to find him. Isa Sensei asked who was I and what did I want? Through the translator, I told Isa Sensei that I was an old student of his sensei, and ever since Kina Sensei’s death I had wanted to find someone from this weapons family and pay my respects. Upon hearing that I was a student of his teacher, Isa Sensei thought that I must be a very, very old man. It turned out that Isa Sensei was a student of Kina Shosei, the uncle of my teacher, Kina Masanobu. I made an appointment to meet with Isa Sensei the following day at 9:30 am.

A Meeting With Destiny

We arrived at Isa Sensei’s home and ironically enough it was directly across the street behind Shimabukuro Sensei’s office and two houses down. I believe now that finding Isa Sensei was something that was meant to be. For not only was Isa Sensei’s house close to where I was staying, but when I went to the first address which was not Isa Sensei’s place and we were given another address, I thanked the driver for his help but that I wasn’t interested in further pursuing this quest to find Isa Kaishu at this time and that I would look him up on my next trip to Okinawa. The driver was very insistent on finding Isa for me and were it not for his persistence I would not have made this very important connection.

I never dreamed that I would actually find something new in Okinawa during this trip, something ancient and truly mysterious. I thought I had seen it all. Nor had I considered the possibility of finding someone that I could actually empty my cup and bow to. My original intention was to find Isa Sensei and to simply tell him that this American still loved his teacher, practiced his katas, and wanted to reestablish a family tie. That is all I wanted to do. I really came to Okinawa to fill a void that I felt inside when my teacher died. What happened from that point on has changed the course of my weapons training. It was the most enjoyable meeting I have ever had with any Okinawan master, and I have met many of them.

Upon arrival, I was welcomed into a small and modest Okinawan home, as most Okinawan homes are. Upon entering the home, I found that half of the living room was fashioned after some kind of religious shrine. I later found out that Isa Sensei had indeed become a Buddhist priest. During the next three hours while I spoke with him, several people came by and asked for his religious services. They would enter the home, light some incense, and he would offer some kind of prayer. It was strange to see him one minute talking to me and the next minute performing a religious ritual, then resume our conversation. Isa Sensei is a small Okinawan, about 120 pounds wet, has a very friendly disposition, and is very enthusiastic. There was another gentleman there when I arrived, a senior student of his. I later found out that Isa Sensei had called him prior to my arrival and asked him to be there because he spoke enough English to act as an interpreter; his name was Tamai Moritasu. He was a very educated person and very courteous. I struck up a great rapport with him and he was to be instrumental in the following two weeks in helping to educate me and my students in Isa Sensei’s teachings.

While sitting in his tiny living room, Isa Sensei wanted to know what my story was. I told Isa Sensei of my past experiences and who my teachers were. I told him about my old sensei, Kina Masanobu, and that when he died I felt a void not only in my life but also in my weapons training. I wanted to find someone who had studied with Kina Sensei and establish a connection so that whenever I visited Okinawa I could train in his weapons line. At this point, Isa Sensei asked me what I had learned from Kina Sensei. Kina Sensei was also an 8th degree black belt in Shorin-Ryu, but I only studied weapons with him. I was very proud that Kina Sensei had taught me what I believed to be two very rare Kobudo katas from the Ufuchiku lineage, the Ufuchiku no Sai and Tonfa. After mentioning this to Isa Sensei, he looked straight at me and said “No, he never taught you Ufuchiku no Sai or Ufuchiku no Tonfa.” This caught me by surprise and I asked the interpreter to ask Isa Sensei why he said this. His response was that Kina Sensei never taught these katas because he never knew them. “Old man Kina never taught him those katas. I know those katas and I have not taught them to anyone.” Isa Sensei then explained to me his relationship with Kina Masanobu. He and Kina Masanobu were students of the old man, Kina Shosei. The All-Okinawa Karate Federation promoted both of them to 8th dan at the same time. Isa Sensei and Kina Masanobu were both eligible to become third generation inheritors of the Ufuchiku weapons system as passed down by Sanda Kinjo, whose nickname was Ufuchiku, “police chief” in Hogen, the old Okinawan dialect. Kina Shosei chose Isa Sensei to be the Ufuchiku family style head, or soke.
This information really confused me because I had had everything backwards. All at once I discovered that Isa was not a student of my teacher, I did not know the Ufuchiku katas I thought I knew, and the original reason for my being in Okinawa no longer existed. I then thought maybe I should leave and I felt very awkward. Isa Sensei asked what else I knew and I said that I had studied Goju under Shinjo Masanobu and weapons under Kanei Katsuyoshi. He immediately gave me his condolences and said that he was very good friends with both of them. He added that it was very sad that both of them died so suddenly and that Okinawa lost two of its greatest martial artists.

Karamiti

Then the most amazing thing happened. Isa Sensei asked me if I had heard of “Karamiti” . I said no, I had not, and I asked him what it was. Keep in mind that we were sitting in a very small living room. I was sitting across from Isa Sensei and his assistant, Mr. Tamai, to his left. For the next 20-30 minutes he proceeded to give me a private demonstration of this thing called “Karamiti.” He asked Mr. Tamai to put his hand on his shoulder and in a flash he took Mr. Tamai’s arm and put it in a joint lock that had his assistant in pain tapping out. Isa Sensei then pointed to his assistant’s wrist joint and said “Karamiti.” This happened so quickly that my eyes felt as if they had been deceived. I had never seen a display of speed such as this in my 25 plus years of experience. I could clearly see the expression of pain on Mr. Tamai’s face and I quickly ruled out the possibility of a staged display or gimmick.

Isa Sensei outdid himself for the next half hour by demonstrating more intricate displays of this “Karamiti.” His assistant grabbed, punched, kicked, swung, and just about did every kind of attack possible from various angles. Isa Sensei first demonstrated from a sitting position, then from a standing position. Isa Sensei calmly and swiftly had Mr. Tamai at every turn face down on the floor in serious pain in one joint-lock technique or another. This man was not only in pain, but he was totally drenched in sweat. It was a funny sight to see, for he was wearing a business suit and tie and he was punching and kicking in full force. I was sweating just watching. Isa Sensei gave his assistant instructions to grab here or there, punch to the face or to the body. However, he also allowed Mr. Tamai to attack at will with any technique whatsoever. The variations he used were continuous. To do this in a small enclosure from a distance of about 3 feet, not having the spaciousness of a dojo, was truly amazing. Isa Sensei was in full control of this man. He threw Mr. Tamai around the room yet nothing was disturbed or broken. Throughout the demonstration, nothing was overdone, Isa Sensei was in complete control putting Mr. Tamai in a position where there was just enough applied pain to force him to tap out. I was to find out later how Mr. Tamai felt when these same techniques were to be applied on me.

I wondered why he was even showing this to me. In all my years of training under some very notable teachers as well as having seen Judo, Aikido, Jujutsu, and Taijutsu, I had never seen anyone apply joint locks with such ease and speed and afflict so much pain in such a short time. I said to myself at that moment, “I would love to study whatever this is!” I was so impressed by this small Okinawan master that my original reasons for visiting Isa Sensei were long out of my mind. After he finished the demonstration, Isa Sensei said this was what he called “Karamiti.” I told him that in the time I had spent on Okinawa, I had seen every style available; seen dozens of demonstrations; shot hours of video; even my Goju sensei, Shinjo Masanobu, had taken me to many private events, training sessions, and demonstrations that were not open to the public, yet I had never seen nor heard of “Karamiti.” So I asked him dozens of questions about its history, others who knew the system, whether or not there was a systematic way of learning it, and so on. Isa Sensei said that it was getting late and we should make another appointment to continue. At that moment, I realized that I had told my team of black belts that I would return in half an hour and it was now four hours later.

A New Weapons Connection

During the meeting, I noticed that there were dozens of weapons hanging on the living room walls. Isa Sensei had sai, kama, tonfa, nunchaku, etc. … and they looked old. As an ardent weapons practitioner, I couldn’t leave without asking about them. He talked about each of them briefly and then handed me a pair of very old and extremely heavy sai and said Ufuchiku Sensei confiscated them from a bandit. Until now, Ufuchiku was just the name of some katas and a picture of a man I had seen in history books. I was beginning to realize more and more that this connection I was making with Isa Sensei was more than just another meeting with another Okinawan sensei. I felt a bond with him. I felt I could trust and respect him and, to my delight, I felt the same in return from him.

Isa Sensei told me about his lineage and historical connection to Ufuchiku Kobujutsu. Isa Sensei was the third generation of the Ufuchiku line. He had inherited the whole weapons system and Karamiti. During the transmission ceremony, his sensei, Kina Shosei, had passed down to him these sai that had belonged to Ufuchiku Sensei. Isa Sensei then told me a little about his martial arts experience. Isa Sensei began to practice Karate at age three and was taught by his grandfather in the village of Shimabukuro. He had two teachers after that who were both students of Ufuchiku Sensei, Kina Shosei and Tokashiki Saburo. At age eight, he became a student of Kina Shosei of the same village. From Kina Sensei he learned Shorin-Ryu Karate and Ufuchiku Kobudo. Kina Shosei was a very small man and a soft and kind person. Isa Sensei’s third teacher, Tokashiki Saburo, was a very large and powerful man who was very strict and harsh in his training. Tokashiki Sensei taught Isa Sensei the practical bunkai for the Kobudo and Karamiti systems. Tokashiki Sensei was also a student of Ufuchiku Sensei but there are no pictures of him in any known history books. This is because during one of the training sessions that Tokashiki had with Ufuchiku Sensei, Ufuchiku accidentally cut his face open diagonally from forehead to chin with a sword. Tokashiki survived but not without a very nasty scar. After this, Tokashiki Sensei understandably became camera shy. He forbade any pictures be taken of him. Once, Isa Sensei took a picture of him and Tokashiki Sensei ripped the camera from his hands and proceeded to tear it into pieces. Tokashiki Sensei admonished Isa to never do that again, and Isa wisely promised that he would not. Isa Sensei began to show me pictures of him with Kina Sensei accepting the title of third generation soke. Then he showed me a picture of a very lovely, nice looking woman dressed in traditional Okinawan clothing posing in a movement from a classical dance. As I was looking at it, I asked myself, “Why is he showing this to me.” Then Isa Sensei told me that it was him! He told me that he also has master’s rank in traditional Okinawan dance or “mai” and is the inheritor of that dance tradition as well. He then showed me another picture and a certificate. This picture was of him and his dance teacher accepting the title of soke and his master’s certificate.

A Very Serious Talk

To understand what happened next, I need to explain some feelings that I had stirring inside me while all this was going on with Isa Sensei. After the Pre-World-Championships, I was very angry and disappointed. The championships were a fraud, it was the worst thing I had ever seen. There was systematic cheating on Okinawa’s part and a person had died during the competition. It was a total flop and a disgrace.

Our conversation turned to the subject of rank. I told him that my rank was earned by working and sweating very hard. I asked him how he felt about people buying rank from Okinawan senseis. I told him that Okinawa had become a paper mill of high-ranking diplomas. Isa nodded in affirmation and said, “You’re right, some Okinawan senseis have sold out.” He said, “You train hard, you get rank,” it was as simple as that. What truly blew me away is that he said that no money would ever be exchanged between us. He was not interested in money for his lessons. It was at that very moment that I made a deep connection with Isa Sensei. I saw in him the old virtues that we all read about in the history books. I was very emotionally involved in the subject of this conversation. After losing both of my teachers who were truly great men, I was not sure if there was anyone left in Okinawa that I could call Sensei again.

However, as I sat in front of this man who was being honest and open with me, showed no vanity about the fact that he was a legitimate 10th dan, and had shown me more in half an hour than I had learned in years, I thought, “Maybe there is someone left on Okinawa worth following.”

The Karate and Dance Connection

After the talk about rank, the atmosphere became relaxed and Isa Sensei began to explain to me the connection between traditional Okinawan dance and Karamiti. He said Karamiti is what Karate used to look like before it became what it is today. There were no such things as high, middle, or low blocks; there were no horse, cat, or back stances, these were things that were developed to create a system called “Te” or “Ti.” The old Karamiti was lost at the time that Karate was openly introduced to the general public. (Unfortunately, during this meeting I did not get into details with Isa Sensei as to a timeline regarding this information. This is something that I plan to do the next time I meet with him.) Like weaponry, Karamiti was studied to defend and preserve life. After the Meiji restoration and the modernization of the country, people no longer needed to protect themselves as in the past. So, because the old ways of training were too severe and painful for the average person, this emphasis was gone. People were rejecting the old ways and the teachers of the time had to consciously formulate a system that was easier and safer to learn. This has also happened in America. Very few people today want to pay the price for that kind of training anymore. The old masters had to water down the old ways and make it more consumable.

Isa Sensei then began to link the old Okinawan dance to the Karamiti. He said that in the old days they couldn’t practice openly because of the Japanese ban on martial arts in Okinawa. So they began to incorporate Karamiti movements into the old dances and no one could tell that they were actually practicing fighting movements and thus were able to teach it to future generations. I had heard about this in history books and both my past teachers had mentioned it, so this wasn’t new. However, no one had ever actually demonstrated this to me in the flesh. In later training sessions in his dojo, Isa Sensei would show us a dance move and he would ask his assistant to punch, then Isa Sensei would do the same dance move as a multidimensional defense. It had a block, a strike, a joint lock, and finally a takedown. It was incredible to see a movement that was so smooth and beautiful in a dance, applied by someone who knew what they were doing, become such an awesome and effective movement of personal defense. For the first time I could actually see the connection between the old Karate and the old dance. It was a great connection for me because it filled a void that existed in my personal training. This is something that my Goju sensei, Shinjo Masanobu, told me, saying that the old timers had a form of self-defense that was now lost in Okinawa. He told me he had heard about it but he did not know it. Most if not all of the other senseis of his generation in Okinawa did not know it either. He added, we do our bunkai from a modern perspective, we did not learn the old bunkai of kata. Those old techniques died with the past generations, everything we have nowadays we had to basically make up and do the best job we could with what we had.

I believe that any honest karateka today can look at the curriculum he or she has been practicing for the last 10 or 20 years and say that something is missing. Analyzing what Isa Sensei had just told me about teachers taking a form of training and repackaging it to make it more palatable to the general public rang a bell in my head. I put two and two together and realized that what the old Okinawan masters did back then is what some GIs did upon returning to the U.S.A. after their tour of duty. We (non- Orientals) have been told by our Oriental teachers that we were not to change the katas or anything else. However, they themselves did what they told us not to do. We Americans have been doing this for years. We’ve done it for lack of information or because we only received the “tip of the iceberg.” Let’s face it, most GIs were in Okinawa one or two years, and there’s so much (or little) one can learn in such a limited time. Let’s not forget to also acknowledge that as in every culture, there are charlatans, and Okinawa is not immune to this human condition. Some Okinawan teachers who had very little training sold us Americans the Okinawan equivalent of the London Bridge.

Isa Sensei continued to tell me that it was foolish for today’s modern practitioners to practice 20 or 30 years worth of high and middle blocks. At face value, these techniques are not applicable in the real world. Eventually, we would have to find a way of defending ourselves in a system that was not so enclosed with such limited parameters.

In later training sessions, Isa Sensei proved everything he told me by actually demonstrating every point to me. He asked me to demonstrate my Goju, which I did, and he said that my Goju was very strong, “good kihon waza.” However, he added that this was no good for fighting. So I asked him to please show me, and so he did. He not only demonstrated on me, but on the other six members of my group. These men varied from 5′ 6,’ 135 pounds to 6′6,’ 285 pounds. Keep in mind that we are all seasoned Goju practitioners that are in excellent cardiovascular condition, and are physically very strong as a result of good Goju training. After Isa Sensei quickly dispatched me, he then took every member of my group from the smallest to the biggest and did the same with them. He would tap certain areas on their bodies and these big strong men would turn into jelly and then he would put them into a joint lock and take them down to the floor. It was very interesting to see that these techniques worked on everyone, it did not matter your size, weight, or strength. I shot hours of video of Isa Sensei effortlessly applying dozen of variations of these techniques. I can certainly say now without any hesitation that the void in my training is no more. I have found what I was looking for and it puts me right back in the place I’ve been before, that is, coming full circle, I am now ready to learn the old ways, so I am a beginner once again.

The Rest of the Trip

I spent two weeks training with Isa Sensei. We began around 8 PM and trained until 2 or 3 in the morning. During the day, he was busy tending to his priestly duties, and I kept my other appointments. I decided to pose a question to all the other senseis that I met: “Have you ever heard of Karamiti?”The responses I received were very interesting. When I met with Nakamoto Masahiro Sensei, he said he teaches it in his dojo and he gave me a little demonstration of his form of Karamiti, but he was nowhere close to Isa Sensei’s proficiency. When I asked Matayoshi Shinpo Sensei, he said he had never heard of it. Shimabukuro Zenpo Sensei said that Karamiti was a very old form of Karate that his father, Shimabukuro Zenryo (founder of the Seibukan), was very familiar with, but he himself was not. This was confirmation from other sources of what Isa Sensei had told me: some senseis had never heard of it, others had heard of it but didn’t know it, and still others know some it and teach it.

Feel the Pain

Back with Isa Sensei at his dojo, he used his senior student as a guinea pig to demonstrate most of the techniques. We were very grateful to Mr. Tamai for he gave of himself freely and without complaint to the abuse he received for those two weeks for our benefit.

Isa Sensei was very careful when he demonstrated on me. He used very little pressure, and I wanted more because I know that to learn something properly one must feel it. Specially when it came to this form of training. I later found out Isa Sensei felt obligated not to shame me in front of my seniors. It was very gratifying to meet someone that practiced dojo ethics like Isa Sensei. He didn’t want to toss me around so he told me to stand behind the videocamera and shoot. That’s why in my videos you mostly see Clay Allison Sensei who stayed with me when the rest of the group returned to the States. Allison Sensei was so amazed with what he saw that he asked me if he could stay after the main group left. Mr. Allison is about 6′-3′ tall and weights about 220 pounds of solid muscle. It was amusing to see him tossed around for the next week and a half by someone one third his body size. Isa Sensei was literally playing with him and yet I could clearly see that Mr. Allison was in pain every time. At times, a part of me wished that I could be out there on the receiving end. But then, another part of me said, I really don’t want to be out there, so stay behind the camera. During this time, Isa Sensei not only gave us a thorough demonstration of Karamiti but he also taught us some of the basics of Karamiti, which I still practice. These exercises show you different blocks, strikes, and footwork that prepare you for the actual Karamiti.

During this training period, we also spent about half the time training with weapons. Isa Sensei again demonstrated a depth of knowledge on the proper “realistic” usage of weapons the likes of which I had never seen. He was just as knowledgeable with weapons as with Karamiti, and he proved every point that he spoke of with physical examples. This type of training made me realize that without this knowledge, any weapons training is very crude and misleading to the practitioner. Isa Sensei said that the Ufuchiku system has over 25 weapons and about 100 weapons katas. I have been involved in weapons for a long time and I could think of about 13 weapons, so I asked him if he could show me the 25 and he did. He showed me some very old weapons that I had never seen before and I photographed each of them. He said that each of these weapons had katas to go with them.

Isa Sensei told me that most practitioners nowadays know only a fraction of the knowledge that is available not only in weapons, but also in the empty hand methods. Every day a piece of history dies with someone. He asked me if I learned everything that my Goju sensei knew? I told him no. He said like both of my teachers that died so young, there have been hundreds of Okinawan martial artists that took to the grave many of the old techniques and katas. This void of information is becoming greater from one generation to the next, and what happens is that the new generation of Karate instructors, lacking this knowledge, fills in the gaps with their own interpretations and passes this on to the next generation, thus the face of Karate in Okinawa today looks nothing like it did 100 years ago. The sad thing is that the old ways will be lost with this next generation, according to Isa Sensei.

The Future Looks Bright

This experience has refueled my thirst for new knowledge and has motivated me to work harder than I have ever done. It has also shown me that my original suspicions were correct about a void in my training. There is so much to learn that one cannot truly say that he or she has reached the top. The moment you stop training and researching is the moment you stagnate and die. We as martial artists have the burden of seeking the knowledge that is already lost and being lost everyday. I found my “holy grail” of Karate and Kobudo by meeting Isa Sensei. I learned a lot and I have been diligently practicing. I made a promise to Isa Sensei that I will return to visit him and discuss our future relationship and to do a lot of training. I will also gather historical information that I will put to use in part two of this article. Stay tuned for more!

The autor Anthony Marques sits with Sensei Isa with the entire collection of 25 weapons used in the Ufuchiku system.

Sensei Isa’s living room was partly converted into a very beautiful Buddhist shrine in which he conducts daily services.

Sensei Isa demonstrates the use the use of the metal fan. Notice how he employs the straw hat to coceal the weapon from an opponent.

This is the kamae or defensive posture used with the Ufuchiku Sai. Notice that the index finger wraps around the sai handle.(A) The other sai which is in the chambered position is outside and on top of the forearm.

Left: Kanagusuku Ufuchku, born May 7, 1829, died Oct. 13, 1920 at the age of 91. He was employed by the last Emperor of the Ryukyu Kingdom as a bodygaurd and was also the Shuri Chief of Police. Right: Shosei Kina, born January 5, 1981 at the age of 99. At the age of 20, Kina began training with Ufuchiku Sensei for 18 years untl Ufuchiku’s death.

Sensei Isa demonstrates a technique of hiding the short blade of the Tinbe behind the shield. In this case the shield also serves as a hat. Using the shield to block the blade is suddenly thrust into an attack.

One of Sensei Isa’s top female students, shows the traditional use of the hairpin. It was easily removed and used as a very effective weapon.

A very lovely looking Sensei Isa dressed as a woman with makeup during a traditional Okinawan dance demonstration.

Kaishu Isa seated next to his dance teacher as he receives his masters certificate for Traditional Okinawan Dance.

The author gives the traditional dance a shot

Sensei Isa’s senior student Tamae watches as Isa Sensei place Mr. Clay Allisonin a position which he became very familiar with.

Hean shodan

Hean nidan

Hean sandan

Hean yodan

Hean godan

Tekki shodan

Tekki nidan

Tekki sandan

Kanku dai

Kanku sho

Pasai dai

Pasai sho

Gojushiho dai

Gojushiho sho

Nijushiho

Hangetsu

Empi

Gankaku

Sochin

Chinte

Jion

Jin

Jite

Meikyo

Wankan

Unsu

Kicking in Uechi-ryu karate differs from many other styles. The front-leg snap kick is the only kick used in the katas brought from China. It is found in every kata of Uechi-ryu except Sanchin, which contains no kicks. The front-leg kick, like the lead hand punch, is the first line of defense, as it is the closest technique to the opponent. It can be executed quickly against an incoming attacker. This approach exemplifies the “defense only” philosophy of Uechi-ryu karate. The snapping of the kick is an important source of power since the hips cannot be used in the front-leg kick as effectively as with a rear-leg kick. Front kicks in traditional Okinawan kata are aimed at the middle (chudan) or lower (gedan) areas of the body. Kicks that are normally performed by most systems with the ball of the foot, sokutei, are executed in Uechi-ryu karate with the tip= of the big toe (sokusen). Kicks with the ball of the foot do not exist in this system. Sokusen geri is the only kick in the original three katas brought from China. Like the shoken fist, sokusen kicks emulate the destructive effect of a tiger’s teeth. These techniques deliver an enormous amount of power to a small area. Deeper body penetration and more damage to the area attacked are the results. Any part of the body is a potential target for sokusen. Newer students should practice kicking with the ball of the foot for their own safety. Preparing the toes for kicking is an arduous process. First the muscles in the toes must be developed so they can be flexed into the proper position. This can take several months. Second, the tip of the toe must be conditioned to take hard contact. This takes several years. To form sokusen, pull your toes back toward your foot, tightening all toes together. Here are six methods for strengthening sokusen technique:

1. Make a tight sokusen foot and walk on the tips of the toes.
2. Jump up and down on sokusen toes.
3. Kick in the air with a tight sokusen foot.
4. Kick the makiwara, tire, and sandbag with sokusen.
5. Keep a tight sokusen foot when you do Sanchin kata.
6. Use sokusen when practicing all kicks.

OPEN HAND TECHNIQUES

Nukite is an advanced technique that is very prevalent in the Uechi-ryu system. It is found in all eight katas. Like a shoken punch and sokusen kick, it delivers the primary point of impact to a very small area. Attacking pressure points and soft body parts with this specific strike allows you to inflict maximum damage using little movement. Therefore, body size and strength are not a major factor for effectiveness. When you form your hand for a nukite strike, tighten all four fingers together and place the thumb firmly against the ridge of the hand. When you tighten your fingers, they will naturally curve in slightly. It is important not to let the fingers bend backward on impact. The name of the striking weapon changes as the hand is bent to apply fingertip strikes from different angles, such as kakushiken and koken. To form kakushiken, bend all four fingers where they join the hand and support them by placing the thumb at the base of the forefinger. Kakushiken is executed with the fingertips, in a forceful downward strike, like the beak of a desperate bird defending its life. Snapping the elbow and wrist increase the power. The targets of the crane’s beak are the neck, throat, and soft area behind the collar bone. Kakushiken, an advanced and deadly technique, is found only in Sanseryu kata.

Koken is formed the same as the kakushiken strike but is applied differently. A large swinging motion is used to deliver this downward strike. To increase power in this technique, a scooping action is added at the point of contact. The targets of this strike are the groin and nerves in the pelvic area. This technique is effective against a grab from behind. Uechi Kanbun told a story to Shinjo Seiyu about a Chinese martial artist who visited him and discussed an interesting conditioning exercise emulating a crane. The man dumped a small bag of rice on the dojo floor. He picked the rice up, one grain at a time, with the fingertips, much in the way a bird would pick them up with its beak. As the grains of rice disappeared, the strength of the man’s developed fingertips became apparent. The visitor explained that in a fight he could apply his pecking and pinching techniques to the veins in the arms of his opponent, causing deadly internal bleeding.

Uechi became intrigued with this idea and stood up, directing the man to demonstrate the technique on him. Several attempts were made but none were successful because of the extreme development of Uechi’s arms. Arm conditioning (kote kitae) had rendered the crane technique ineffective. The degree of conditioning necessary to develop these advanced striking techniques are a major hindrance in modern use. Extensive use of the Okinawan conditioning device, makiwara, is not as prevalent in the West as it is in Okinawa. A well-conditioned and highly refined animal strike may be your only saving grace when you face a deadly opponent of greater strength or determination.

About the Author: Based on Secrets of Uechi Ryu Karate and the Mysteries of Okinawa (1996) by Alan Dollar and published by Cherokee Publishing.

Information: Alan Dollar, Cherokee Publishing, 1001 Fitzuren Rd., Antioch,CA 94509 510-778-4400, fx 510-778-4468 email: Cherokee@aol.com>

To execute a nukite
strike, tighten all four fingers together and place the thumb firmly
against the ridge of the hand. Legend contends that ancient Okinawan
karate masters could penetrate the rib cage like a spear using a nukite
strike.

Kakushiken (left)
simulates the damage of a downward thrust of a crane’ beak. Targets of
the koken strike (right) are the groin and the nerves in the pelvic
area.

Sensei Itosu 10 percepts

1. Tode is primarily for the benefit of health. In order to protect one’s parents or one’s master, it is proper to attack a foe regardless of one’s own life. Never attack a lone adversary. If one meets a villain or a ruffian one should not use tode but simply parry and step aside.
2. The purpose of tode is to make the body hard like stones and iron; hands and feet should be used like the points of arrows; hearts should be strong and brave. If children were to practice tode from their elementary-school days, they would be well prepared for military service. When Wellington and Napoleon met they discussed the point that ‘tomorrow’s victory will come from today’s playground’.
3. Tode cannot be learned quickly. Like a slow moving bull, that eventually walks a thousand miles, if one studies seriously every day, in three or four years one will understand what tode is about. The very shape of one’s bones will changeThose who study as follows will discover the essence of tode:
4. In tode the hands and feet are important so they should be trained thoroughly on the makiwara. In so doing drop your shoulders, open your lungs, take hold of your strength, grip the floor with your feet and sink your intrinsic energy to your lower abdomen. Practice with each arm one or two hundred times.
5. When practicing tode forms (kata) make sure your back is straight, drop your shoulders, take your strength and put it in your legs, stand firmly and put the intrinsic energy in your lower abdomen, the top and bottom of which must be held together tightly.
6. The bunkai (application of kata techniques) should be carefully practiced, one by one, many times. Because these techniques are passed on by word of mouth, take the trouble to learn the explanations and decide when and in what context it would be possible to use them. Observe principles of torite(grappling) and applications will be more easily understand.
7. You must decide whether tode is for cultivating a healthy body or for defense.
8. During practice you should imagine you are on the battle field. When blocking and striking make the eyes glare, drop the shoulders and harden the body. Now block the enemy’s punch and strike! Always practice with this spirit so that, when on the real battlefield, you will naturally be prepared.
9. Do not overexert yourself during practice because the intrinsic energy will rise up your face and eyes will turn red and your body will be harmed. Be careful.
10. In the past many of those who have mastered tode have lived to an old age. This is because tode aids the development of the bones and sinews, it helps the digestive organs and is good for the circulation of the blood. Therefore, from now on tode should become the foundation of all sports lessons from elementary schools onward. If this is put into practice there will, I think, be many men who can win against ten aggressors.

The reason for stating all this is that it is my opinion that all students at the Okinawa Prefectural Teachers’ Training College should practice tode, so that when they graduate from here they can teach the children in the schools exactly as I have taught them. Within ten years tode will spread all over Okinawa and to the Japanese mainland. This will be a great asset to our militaristic society. I hope you will carefully study the words I have written here.

Makiwara

Kata

Bunkai – application

April
25,1888-October 8th, 1953

Chojun Miyagi was born April 25th 1888 in Higashi-Machi (Naha-shi) Okinawa of a wealthy family who’s business was import/export primarily pharmaceuticals. Originally Chojun Miyagi was born as Miyagi Matsu however his name was changed to Chojun at the age of 5 by his uncle whom adopted him after the death of his father in 1893. His family owned two ships which made regular trips to mainland China, placing them among the wealthiest families in the area and enabled a young Chojun Miyagi Sensei to travel to China to study the style of his instructor and develop the style of Karatedo we call Gojuryu today. However his original Martial Arts training started with his neighbor Ryu Ko Aragaki (one of the very few fighters ever to beat the legendary Choki Motobu) at 11 years old. Ryu Ko ragaki Sensei, before moving his family to Taiwan, later introduced him to Kanryo Higaonna, and he began training at the age of 15 in the fall of 1902 after fulfilling a host of chores (the traditional way of being accepted by an instructor).

• 1888, April 25 – Chojun Miyagi is born in Higashi-Machi (Naha-shi) Okinawa. His original birth name was Miyagi Matsu
• 1893 – ChojunMiyagi Sensei’s father dies, he is 5 years old and is adopted by his uncle and his name changed to Chojun.
• 1899 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei begins his studies with Ryu Ko Aragaki Sensei.
• 1902, Chojun MiyagiSensei is introduced to Kanryo Higaonna Sensei by AragakiRyuKo Sensei who is Miyagi’s first teacher.
• 1902 – Both KenwaMabuni and Chojun Miyagi begin study with Kanryo Higaonna Sensei.
• 1915 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei, Eisho Nakamoto and Go Kenki (a Chinese tea merchant from Naha. Go Kenki was a Sifu (instructor) of White Crane and a very close friend of Miyagi, all traveled with Miyagi to China where Go Kenki also serves as their interpreter. This would be their first trip for research.
• 1917 – Kanryo Higaonna Sensei died in October at Nishiishin-Machi, 2-chome, Naha, Okinawa. Miyagi Sensei paid for his funeral. Chojun Miyagi Sensei returned to Okinawa at this time, due to the death of Higaonna Sensei.
• 1918 – Miyagi Sensei formed the Ryukyu Toudi Kenkyu-Kai (Toudi-which means China Hand) to ensure the preservation of Karatedo as an Okinawan treasure. The Club was established in Asahigoaka, Wakasa-cho, and Naha-Shi. The co-founders were Chojun Miyagi Sensei, Hanashiro Chomo, Motobu Choyo and Kenwa Mabuni.
• 1921 – March 6th, The Okinawan Department of Education, requests Chojun Miyagi Sensei and Funakoshi Sensei to demonstrate Toudi to oncoming Prince Hirohito.
• 1921, March 10th – Miyagi Sensei (Naha Te) and Funakoshi Sensei (Shuri Te) demonstrate Toudi to Prince Hirohito (who would later become Emperor of Japan – WWII),
• 1926 – Hanashiro Chomo Sensei reorganizes the Ryukyu Toudi Kenkyu-Kai (Toudi-which means China Hand) to ensure the preservation of Karatedo as an Okinawan treasure. The Club was established in Asahigoaka, Wakasa-cho, and Naha-Shi. The co-founders were Chojun Miyagi Sensei, Hanashiro Chomo, Motobu Choyo and Kenwa Mabuni.
• 1927 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei what had happened. After much thought, Miyagi Sensei named his system Gojuryu after a line from a poem in the book Bubishi, which reads “Ho Go Ju Donto”; the way of inhaling and exhaling is hardness and softness.
• 1929 – Meitoku Yagi Sensei begins training with Chojun Miyagi Sensei.
• 1929 – Gogen Yamaguchi Hanshi and friend Jitsuei Yogi wrote to Chojun Miyagi inviting him to Japan. Gogen Yamaguchi Hanshi later received introduced to Chojun Miyagi by Yogi Jitsuei (September 27, 1912 – November 1997) for direct study.
• 1929, April – Karatedo is adopted into the Okinawa Police Training school and Naha Municipal Commercial High School as taught by Chojun Miyagi Sensei.
• 1929 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei became a Karatedo instructor at Training Center of Okinawa Police Department and Naha Municipal Commercial High School.
• 1930 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei named Karatedo Division Chairman of the Okinawan Prefecture Athletic Association.
• 1930 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei received an invitation to demonstrate at the All Japan Martial Arts Demonstration (pre Gogen Yamaguchi) to be held on May 5, 1930.
• 1930 – (Official Recorded Date) Chojun Miyagi Sensei becomes the first to give his style of Karatedo a formal name, calling it Gojuryu (See also 1927!).
• 1931 – According to Gogen Yamaguchi in his autobiography, this is the year that Jitsuei Sensei introduced Yamaguchi Sensei to Miyagi (although he was first invited in 1929).
• 1933 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei officially registers Gojuryu with the Dai Nippon Butokukai as a Ryuha
• 1933 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei was appointed Chief of Karatedo for the Okinawan branch of the Butokukai. Butokukai awarded him the title of Kyoshigo [Shihan-Kyoshi], 2nd highest title.
• 1934, March 23rd – Chojun Miyagi Sensei writes his “Karatedo Gaisetsu” (Outling on Karatedo). He would later present it in Japan in 1936.
• 1934 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei becomes a permanent officer of the Dai Nippon Butokukai (Great Japan Martial Virtues Association).
• 1934 – Chojun Miyagi lectures and teaches Karatedo in Hawaii on the Invitation of Yokoku Jihosha. The trip is also supported by business-men Chinyei Kinjo, Seichu Yamashiro and Seisho Tokunaga.
• 1935, February – Chojun Miyagi Sensei returns to Okinawa from Hawaii.
• 1935, Miyagi Sensei gives his second demonstration in Japan (by invitation Gogen Yamaguchi), with Yogi Jitsuei Sensei as his assistant. While in Japan, Miyagi Sensei stayed in Jitsuei Sensei’s apartment.
• 1935 – Miyagi Sensei visits Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto. Current members included Jitsuei Yogi, Gogen Yamaguchi and Soh Nei Choo (who would later teach Masutatsu Oyama)
• 1936, January 28 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei gives a demonstration in Osaka, Japan. It is here that Miyagi Sensei presented his ‘Outline on Karatedo ‘ (Karatedo Gaisetsu) speech regarding Karatedo and its benefits.
• 1936 – Miyagi Sensei was awarded the Meiyo Shihan (Honorary Master Teacher) and Yogi Jitsuei and Gogen Yamaguchi were awarded Shihan-Dai (Assistant Master Instructors) by the Dai Nippon Butokukai.
• 1936, November 28 – Chojun Miyagi presented to club members his essay “Ryukyu Kenpo Karatedo Enkaku Gaiyo”, part of his ‘about Karatedo ‘ Lecture and demonstration at Meiji Shoten
• 1936 – Chojun Miyagi receives a medal for “Excellence in the Martial Arts” from the Japanese Ministry of Education.
• 1936 -Chojun Miyagi Sensei, Eisho Nakamoto and Go Kenki (a Chinese tea merchant from Naha. Go Kenki was a Sifu (instructor) of White Crane and a very close friend of Miyagi, all traveled with Miyagi to Shanghai China where Go Kenki also serves as their interpreter. This would be their 2nd trip for research and they would visit the Seibu Dai Iku Kai (Great Gymnastic Association, Pure Martial Arts Spirit) for research purposes.
• 1937, May 5 – Japanese Publishing company Takenori Kai sponsors the TakenoriFestival where Chojun Miyagi Sensei performes Kata at Butoku Sai under the auspices of Dai Nippon Butokukai and is was given the title Karatedo jutsu Kyoshi first time in this nation.
• 1937 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei receives a Kyoshi degree from the Dai Nippon Butokukai.

   

• 1937 – Chojun Miyagi, along with other stylists, forms the Dai Nippon Butokukai Karatedo Jukkyoshi (Great Japan Martial Arts Karatedo Teachers Association).

   

• 1938, April – Chojun Miyagi Sensei was appointed as a Karatedo instructor at Okinawa Teacher Training School.
• 1939 – Shozo Ujita Sensei visits Okinawa and trains with Chojun Miyagi Sensei.
• 1940 – Chojun Miyagi and Shoshin Nagamine (Founder of Matsubayashi Shorin Ryu) created the Gekisai Kata to standardize Karate, making it easier to learn the basics of Karate. Chojun Miyagi Sensei later adds a 2nd Kata, Gekisai Dai Ni.
• 1942 – Miyagi Sensei was invited to teach at Ritsumeikan University (not by Yamaguchi Sensei as he was still in China at this time however by Jitsuei Yogi Sensei and Shozo Ujita Sensei).
• 1942 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei visits Kyoto Japan for teaching Karatedo . This would be the last time Miyagi was ever to return to Kyoto
• 1945 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei is reappointed (With establishment of Okinawa Public Government) to an instructor at Police Academy.
• 1945 – Chojun Miyagi was made an official of the Okinawa Minsei Taiiku Kan (Okinawa Democratic Athletic Association).
• 1947 – Miyagi Sensei returned to Naha and began teaching at the Naha Police Academy.
• 1951 -Miyagi Sensei began accepting a few students again at his garden Dojo. Prior to this, the only two students who trained regularly at his Dojo were Miyagi An’ichi and Aragaki Suechi.
• 1952 – Some of Miyagi Sensei’s former students began to return from the war and resume training.
• 1953, October 8 – Miyagi Sensei dies, never having named a successor or given anyone an official Black Belt.

After years of training with Higaonna Sensei, Miyagi sailed to China in May of 1915 in search of his Higaonna’s teacher.  This was one of three trips he made to China during his lifetime. Upon his quest he studied Chuguko Kempo (Chinese Fist) in Fouchow, Fukien  Province, from 1915 to 1917. He returned to Okinawa due to the death of Higaonna Sensei. In early 1917, Kanryo Higaonna Sensei died (at Nishiishin-Machi, 2-chome, Naha Okinawa).  Chojun Miyagi Sensei paid for his funeral.

When he returned to Okinawa, he began to teach his Karatedo at a number of places in and around Naha, and to lecture and demonstrate throughout Japan Miyagi-Sensei subjected the art of Naha-te, as received from Kanryo Higashionna, to scientific examination. He studied the basic Go (Sanchin) and the six rules and created the Ju (Tensho) form, combining soft and hard movements. He also organized the auxiliary movements to strengthen the body through calisthenics. He organized these exercises in preparation for practicing the classical Kata. It can be said, he formulated the theory for the practice of  Karatedo and organized it as an educational subject, an art of self-defense, and as a spiritual exercise. From the old Chinese book Wu Pei Chih (Army account of Military Arts and Science) published in 1636, Miyagi took the expression Gojuryu for the name of his school as it appears in the sentence: The successful methods required both give and take (Go and Ju).  Miyagi Sensei was the first instructor to officially give his style a name in 1927 apart from the city in which it was practiced (See Historical review of Gojuryu), and organize a school of Karate. Miyagi often used the slogan Nanji Kyokuden, meaning to “apply all  Strength, be determined in everything that one does; defeat is not the end; losing is not the end of everything.” He was called the last great samurai warrior of Okinawa because of his legendary strength and skill as well as his intense dedication to the martial arts.

Although a somewhat quiet man he was noted for his very large and muscular hands (the Gojuryu Fist as sketched by Gogen Yamaguchi Sensei was a depiction of Chojun Miyagi Sensei’s fist) as well as being the senior most student of Kanryo Higaonna.  On his pilgrimage to the Chinese mainland he studied not only the building blocks of his teachers art Hung Gar-Shaolin Chuan Chi-Chi, but also I-Chuan, Pa Kua Chang and Tai Chi Chuan.  All softer however highly skilled and effective styles.  It was at this time he learned the Kata or Quan Rokkishu which later became the building block on Kata Tensho. With this additional martial art training Okinawa-te, Naha-te and the Chinese arts Sensei Miyagi developed a refined form of empty hand, and even today its Whooping Crane Chinese Gung Fu roots can still be seen in its forms or Kata. A story is told that while visiting a temple in China, Chojun Miyagi noticed a crane sitting on a roof, which was made of tile. As he approached the huge bird, the crane became alarmed and flew away. As it was flying away, the frightened crane flapped its wings against the tile roof, breaking some of the tiles in the process.  Miyagi was amazed that the soft feathers of the crane were able to break something as hard as tiles. With that as the beginning, he devised a whole new approach to Karate, mixing in with the hard techniques many soft ones to be used in countering hard blows and kicks.

In 1929 Gogen Yamaguchi invited Mr. Miyagi to visit Japan and he later named Mr. Yamaguchi the leader of the Gojuryu schools in mainland Japan. That same year 1929) he was named as Shihan of the Okinawan Police and of the Naha School of Commerce (The Municipal Commercial High School – the general education program of Okinawa). Chojun Miyagi was named Karatedo Division Chairman (Chief) of the Okinawan Prefecture Athletic Association in 1930 and became a permanent officer of the Dai Nippon Butokukai (Japan Martial Virtues Association).

Although, Jigoro Kano (founder of Judo and the Kokokan) began visiting Okinawa in 1927, he was so impressed with Miyagi Sensei, he invited him to Japan in 1930 and 1932 to demonstrate at several meetings. It was at one of these meetings that one of his senior students, Jin’an Shinzato was asked which school of karate he belonged to. Unable to answer (styles were only known by their geographical reference at that time), he approached Sensei Miyagi, who agreed that a name should be chosen for their unique style.

Chojun Miyagi Sensei worked hard to spread Karatedo throughout Okinawa and mainland Japan, and to earn Naha-te a status equal to that of the highly respected Japanese martial arts of Judo and Kendo. To achieve this he traveled frequently to mainland Japan where he was invited to teach Karatedo at Kyoto University and Ritsumei Kan University.

In 1933 Karatedo was registered at the Butokukai, the center for all martial arts in Japan. This was a milestone for Karatedo as it meant that it was recognized on a level with the highly respected martial arts of Japan.

On March 23, 1934, Chojun Miyagi wrote the document Toudijutsu Gaisetsu (‘An Outline of Karatedo’) very rare to find and very technical on the almost spiritual training associated with Karatedo.

One month later in April, 1934 – Yokoku Jihosha invited Chojun Miyagi Sensei to Hawaii to lecture and teach until February, 1935. Chojun Miyagi on Thursday, May 3, 1934 aboard the NYK steamship. The trip is also supported by business-men Chinyei Kinjo of the Yoen Jiho Sha on Kauai, Seichu Yamashiro and Seisho Tokunaga. Chinyei Kinjo was the son of Chinzen Kinjo, one of the first immigrants to arrive in 1900 on board the ‘SS City of China’ and a previous student of Chojun Miyagi.

During this time he also becomes a permanent officer of the Dai Nippon Butokukai (Great Japan Martial Virtues Association).By 1936 Mr. Chojun Miyagi is truly recognized by the Government of Japan with being awarded the medal for “Excellence in the Martial Arts” from the Japanese Ministry of Education.  That same year he went to train at the Chinese martial arts in Shanghai at the Seibu Dai Iku Kai or Great Gymnastic Association – Pure Martial Spirit. On May 5th, 1937 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei performed Kata at the Butoku Sai for the Dai Nippon Butoku-kai.  Following what is now known as the Meeting of the Masters, Mr. Miyagi along with others who attended formed the ‘Great Japan Martial Arts Karatedo Teachers Association’ or ‘Dai Nippon Butokukai Karatedo Jutsu-Kyoshi’(1937). The first ever awarded in Japan.

After returning to Okinawa Miyagi Sensei, now teaching in his Dojo again as well as teaching Okinawa school Children, creates the Kata Gekisai Dai Ichi (1) and Ni (2). Chojun Miyagi’s students primarily studied four Kata: Sanchin, Sesan, Seiunchin and Tensho. These Kata are called the Kaishu forms but the Kata Sesan and Seiunchin were actually considered the training Kata of Gojuryu. These are very important Kata and must be thoroughly studied to understand Gojuryu. As of April, 1938 – Chojun Miyagi Sensei was appointed to a Karatedo instructor at the Okinawa Teacher Training School. In 1940 Chojun Miyagi and Shoshin Nagamine (Founder of Matsubayashi Shorin Ryu) created the Gekisai Kata to standardize Karate, make it easier to learn and to prepare young Okinawa for National service. There is a theory that for this latter reason (Military service) Gekisai Dai Ichi ends with a forward step instead of a backward one as well as punches Jodan instead of Chudan.

Before the Second World War, Chojun Miyagi traveled widely and was involved in many projects to spread Karatedo throughout mainland Japan and the rest of the world. However, from 1948 until 1953 he remained in Okinawa. Before the war he had been dedicated to his own training and research, to further develop the art of Gojuryu Karate, but his purpose in life had now changed. He was intent on passing on Gojuryu, and the “gokui” (secret principles) of Gojuryu to the next generation.

For reasons mostly pointing to WWII, may students of Tsuboya-cho (a district of Naha) garden dojo returned for training in in 1951. As well, new students once more began to enroll.

Chojun Miyagi Sensei had four boys and five girls. Miyagi Tsuru was the oldest daughter and first born. Master Miyagi taught at his home, outside in his Garden Dojo. But he didn’t teach regularly outside his own personal students other than his municipal duties (Police and education).  He would occasionally goto the Butoku-den in Naha (The Butoku-den was one of the few buildings that survived the World War II battles on Okinawa).

Naha’s Central Police buildings were rebuilt near the Butoku-den, which was torn down in the late l980’s. A bronze bust of Chojun Miyagi was put up in the Butoku-den and was moved to the Naha Police Headquarters in 1987.

Chojun Miyagi Sensei instruction was not limited to physical training. Miyagi Sensei also lectured his students on history, culture, society, human relations as many senior Sensei of today do. During these ‘sessions’ Chojun Miyagi Sensei would teach the kata (forms) in great detail and explain the “bunkai” (kata applications) thoroughly.

Chojun Miyagi dedicated his whole life to karate. He was responsible for structuring Naha-te (which he later named “Gojuryu”) into a systematized discipline which could be taught to society in general. This teaching system which he formulated enabled Karatedo to be taught in schools for the benefit of the young, and to reach vast numbers of people throughout the world. However, his private teaching at his home remained strictly in adherence to the principles of his teacher, Kanryo Higaonna, and his teacher before him, Ryuruko.

Miyagi never awarded anyone a Black Belt. He was in the process of formulating requirements for the Black Belt however he died before he completed this. He had not conceded a sucessor at the time of his death. Leaving an unprecedented mark in the world of Karatedo and from his famous Garden Dojo and enough legendary students to carry his name into the history books of Martial Arts as the ‘Master”.

Jin’an Shinzato Sensei (aka ‘Jiru’), an exceptional talent, was the probable successor to the Goju school in Okinawa, he was tragically killed during the Second World War. It is generally an excepted theory that Shinzato Jin’an Sensei would have been the obvious successor to Chojun Miyagi Sensei had not his death. Later, after the war,  Meitoku Yagi Sensei was awarded the training uniform (Do Gi) and Belt (Obi) of Chojun Miyagi Sensei by his wife and daughter.

Chojun Miyagi passed away October 8th, 1953, leaving his family of 10 children, wife and a great legacy behind. He dedicated his entire life and fortune to Karate. He predicted that during the twentieth century Karatedo would spread throughout the world. Today we can see
that this prediction has been realized; Karatedo is not only practiced in Japan, but it can be found throughout the countries of the world. Karatedo can no longer be referred to as a solely
Okinawan or Japanese martial art, but it has become an art with no boundaries, an art for all nations and all peoples of the world.

Four of his students, Seiko Higa, Meitoku Yagi (Meibu-Kan Gojuryu Karatedo Do), Seikichi Toguchi (Shoreikan Gojuryu Karatedo ) and Ei’ichi Miyazato (Jundo-Kan Gojuryu Karatedo ) carried on with Miyagi Sensei’s original teachings. The four students formed an organization named the ALL Okinawa Gojukai, which was a reorganization of the old Goju Rui Shinko-Kai. They established a promotional ranking system for the art of Karatedo .